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HVAC systems. HVAC systems are classified as either self-contained unit packages or as central systems

Oct 24,2025

HVAC systems are classified as either self-contained unit packages or as central systems. Unit package describes a single unit that converts a primary energy source (electricity or gas) and provides final heating and cooling to the space to be conditioned. Examples of self-contained unit packages are rooftop HVAC systems, air conditioning units for rooms, and air-to-air heat pumps.

Central systems are a combination of central supply subsystem and multiple end use subsystems. End-use subsystems can be fan systems or terminal units. If the end use subsystems are fan systems, they can be single or multiple zone type. With central systems, the primary conversion from fuel such as gas or electricity takes place in a central location, with some form of thermal energy distributed throughout the building or facility.

There are many variations of combined central supply and end use zone systems. The most frequently used combination is central hot and chilled water distributed to multiple fan systems. The fan systems use water-to-air heat exchangers called coils to provide hot and/or cold air for the controlled spaces. Another combination central supply and end use zone system is a central chiller and boiler for the conversion of primary energy, as well as a central fan system to delivery hot and/or cold air. The multiple end use zone systems are mixing boxes, usually called VAV boxes. The typical uses of central systems are in larger, multistoried buildings where access to outside air is more restricted. Typically central systems have lower operating costs.

Besides packaged unitary and central systems, there are a variety of special-purpose systems. These include the following:

1. Heat pump cycles on chillers that use rejected heat or tower cooling.

2. Thermal storage.

3. Cogeneration of electricity and heat.

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HVAC systems. HVAC systems are classified as either self-contained unit packages or as central systems

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